Force

• Force is a push or pull that can change the state of motion or shape of an object.
• It is a vector quantity, meaning it has both magnitude and direction.
• The SI unit of force is the newton (N).
• Force is measured using a spring balance.

• According to Newton’s Second Law:

  $$F=ma$$

  where:

  • F = force (N)
  • m = mass (kg)
  • a = acceleration (m/s²)

Examples of force:

• Pushing a door open.
• Pulling a cart.
• Gravity pulling objects toward Earth.
• Friction slowing down a moving object.

Work

• Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force.
• Work is a scalar quantity (it has magnitude only).
• The SI unit of work is the joule (J).

• work (J)